如何實現畜禽養殖場種養結合資源化利用
一、實現途徑：
種(zhong)養結合是(shi)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)養殖場產(chan)生的(de)糞(fen)(fen)污(wu)經無(wu)害化處(chu)理(li)(li)后作為養分資(zi)源施用(yong)(yong)到農田的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)資(zi)源化利用(yong)(yong)技術模式。畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)養殖過程中(zhong)產(chan)生的(de)糞(fen)(fen)便、尿液和(he)污(wu)水等污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)通常采用(yong)(yong)高(gao)溫、好氧或(huo)厭(yan)氧等技術殺滅畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)糞(fen)(fen)污(wu)中(zhong)病原菌、寄(ji)生蟲和(he)雜(za)草種(zhong)子，進(jin)行無(wu)害化處(chu)理(li)(li)。好氧堆肥(fei)：將畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)糞(fen)(fen)便堆積，在(zai)(zai)人工(gong)控(kong)制水分、碳氮比(bi)條件下(xia)，在(zai)(zai)微生物(wu)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)使(shi)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)被(bei)降解,形成一(yi)種(zhong)類似腐殖質(zhi)土壤的(de)物(wu)質(zhi)。厭(yan)氧發酵：將畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)糞(fen)(fen)尿污(wu)水儲存于密(mi)閉的(de)空間內（如(ru)沼(zhao)氣池(chi)、厭(yan)氧發酵池(chi)等），利用(yong)(yong)厭(yan)氧菌或(huo)兼性厭(yan)氧菌在(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧狀態(tai)下(xia)，將糞(fen)(fen)污(wu)中(zhong)的(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)進(jin)行分解處(chu)理(li)(li)。糞(fen)(fen)肥(fei)還田：畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)糞(fen)(fen)污(wu)通過無(wu)害化處(chu)理(li)(li)后作為肥(fei)料利用(yong)(yong)的(de)堆肥(fei)、沼(zhao)渣、沼(zhao)液、肥(fei)水和(he)商品有(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)可直接還田,實現種(zhong)植和(he)養殖有(you)(you)機(ji)結合,資(zi)源化利用(yong)(yong)。
二、掌握的原則
種養(yang)(yang)(yang)要(yao)平衡(heng)：采用(yong)種養(yang)(yang)(yang)結合利用(yong)模(mo)式的養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)場周邊應配(pei)(pei)套與養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)規模(mo)、糞污(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)工藝相適應的消納土地。按需施(shi)(shi)肥(fei):糞肥(fei)還(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)田(tian)(tian)應根據(ju)作物種類(lei)、需肥(fei)特性、土壤特征、氣候條件等因素合理(li)(li)采用(yong)還(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)田(tian)(tian)方(fang)式和(he)確定還(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)田(tian)(tian)量，不得對環(huan)境和(he)作物生(sheng)長(chang)造成不良影響(xiang)。工程(cheng)配(pei)(pei)套：種養(yang)(yang)(yang)結合技術包括畜禽糞污(wu)無害化處(chu)理(li)(li)、貯存、輸送、還(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)田(tian)(tian)幾個技術環(huan)節，要(yao)有足夠空間配(pei)(pei)套修建無害化處(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)、糞肥(fei)的儲存設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)，并配(pei)(pei)套建設(she)(she)糞肥(fei)輸送、還(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)田(tian)(tian)的設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)裝備。
三、技術要求
無害(hai)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)：畜禽糞污(wu)還田前需(xu)進行無害(hai)化處(chu)(chu)理(li),處(chu)(chu)理(li)后的(de)糞肥(fei)(fei)衛生學指標及重金屬指標含量需(xu)達到NY525—2012有機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)要求方可施用。畜禽固體糞便(bian)宜采用好氧堆(dui)肥(fei)(fei)技術進行無害(hai)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)，堆(dui)肥(fei)(fei)無害(hai)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)應符合NY525-2012有機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)要求。
液(ye)態(tai)糞(fen)水(shui)(shui)宜采用(yong)厭(yan)氧發酵(jiao)進行無害化(hua)處理(li)(li),液(ye)態(tai)糞(fen)水(shui)(shui)無害化(hua)指標(biao)及重(zhong)金(jin)屬限量要(yao)求應符(fu)合NY/T2596-2014沼肥(fei)的規定(ding)。規模養殖(zhi)場可通過建設沼氣工(gong)程(cheng)或厭(yan)氧發酵(jiao)池密閉(bi)貯存處理(li)(li)，常溫發酵(jiao)處理(li)(li)夏(xia)季發酵(jiao)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)達到15天以上，冬季發酵(jiao)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)達到30天以上。對于非規模畜(chu)禽養殖(zhi)戶使用(yong)蓄糞(fen)池和田頭調節池貯存畜(chu)禽糞(fen)污實現無害化(hua)處理(li)(li)的，貯存時間(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)達到60天以上。
四、糞肥貯存
基(ji)于(yu)糞(fen)(fen)污產(chan)生的(de)連續性(xing)與(yu)作物水肥(fei)需求(qiu)(qiu)季節性(xing)的(de)矛盾(dun)，需要(yao)配套建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)足夠的(de)糞(fen)(fen)污貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)。其(qi)中(zhong)，固體糞(fen)(fen)便貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)場建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)參考GB/T27622-2011畜禽(qin)糞(fen)(fen)便貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)；污水貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)池建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)要(yao)按照(zhao)GB/T26624-2011畜禽(qin)養殖(zhi)污水貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)和NY/T2374—2013沼氣(qi)工程(cheng)沼液沼渣(zha)后處理技術規范(fan)執行，有條件的(de)要(yao)覆膜貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)。貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)容積(ji)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)計(ji)(ji)算:貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)容積(ji)（廿(nian)）=單(dan)位畜禽(qin)日糞(fen)(fen)污產(chan)生量（m3）X貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)周期（d）X設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)欄量。式中(zhong)：貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)周期（d）不得低于(yu)當地農作物生產(chan)用肥(fei).大間(jian)隔時間(jian)或雨季.長降雨期，液態糞(fen)(fen)肥(fei)一般容量不得小于(yu)180天的(de)產(chan)生總量。
五、糞肥輸送
進行(xing)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)時(shi)，應(ying)根據(ju)養(yang)(yang)殖場周邊匹配農田(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)地形(xing)和位置(zhi)，配套建設(she)(she)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)運(yun)送(song)網絡，確(que)保糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)能到(dao)達需(xu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)農田(tian)(tian)。無害化處(chu)理(li)后的(de)(de)(de)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)可通過管(guan)(guan)網或(huo)罐車輸(shu)送(song)，具體(ti)應(ying)綜合考慮距離因素、經濟條件等合理(li)確(que)定(ding)輸(shu)送(song)方式(shi)。糞(fen)尿全(quan)(quan)混(hun)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)黏稠(chou)糞(fen)漿(jiang)宜用(yong)(yong)罐車運(yun)輸(shu)，運(yun)輸(shu)車需(xu)具有(you)防(fang)(fang)滲漏、防(fang)(fang)流(liu)失和防(fang)(fang)撒落(luo)等防(fang)(fang)護措施(shi)。農田(tian)(tian)與(yu)養(yang)(yang)殖場距離較(jiao)遠（1000m以外(wai)），可在(zai)田(tian)(tian)間建設(she)(she)糞(fen)水農田(tian)(tian)貯存池(chi)，貯存池(chi)設(she)(she)計應(ying)具有(you)防(fang)(fang)滲漏及(ji)覆蓋(gai)防(fang)(fang)雨安(an)全(quan)(quan)功(gong)能，并配置(zhi)固(gu)定(ding)或(huo)流(liu)動的(de)(de)(de)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)還田(tian)(tian)設(she)(she)備(bei)。采用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)網輸(shu)送(song)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)應(ying)進行(xing)固(gu)液(ye)分離預處(chu)理(li)，輸(shu)送(song)管(guan)(guan)道應(ying)具備(bei)防(fang)(fang)爆防(fang)(fang)腐抗堵(du)等安(an)全(quan)(quan)功(gong)能，推薦使用(yong)(yong)PE管(guan)(guan)材。輸(shu)送(song)管(guan)(guan)道宜采用(yong)(yong)埋設(she)(she)方式(shi)，距管(guan)(guan)頂深(shen)度不低于40cm,裸露(lu)部分應(ying)進行(xing)防(fang)(fang)老化處(chu)理(li)，管(guan)(guan)網應(ying)布(bu)設(she)(she)排水、泄空(kong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。當(dang)(dang)輸(shu)送(song)距離超過2km時(shi)，輸(shu)送(song)主管(guan)(guan)內徑不低于200mm；當(dang)(dang)輸(shu)送(song)距離超過3km時(shi),需(xu)設(she)(she)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)道增壓泵(beng)。根據(ju)地形(xing)與(yu)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)便捷的(de)(de)(de)原則，在(zai)田(tian)(tian)間地頭設(she)(she)置(zhi)預留施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)口并設(she)(she)閥(fa)門控制，施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)軟(ruan)管(guan)(guan)可用(yong)(yong)消防(fang)(fang)軟(ruan)管(guan)(guan)，軟(ruan)管(guan)(guan)長(chang)度根據(ju)輸(shu)送(song)管(guan)(guan)內沼液(ye)壓力大小確(que)定(ding)。
六、農田施用
還(huan)田方式:糞肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)可作為基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)還(huan)田利用(yong)。腐熟后的固(gu)體(ti)糞肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)作為基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)一次性施用(yong)，大(da)田作物可配套撒肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)機施用(yong)。
液(ye)(ye)態(tai)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)作(zuo)為(wei)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時，可選擇漫灌(guan)（適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于水(shui)(shui)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、大(da)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、蔬(shu)菜(cai)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)）、溝(gou)灌(guan)（適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于大(da)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、蔬(shu)菜(cai)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)）、環(huan)狀施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于多年生果樹）等方(fang)式；追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)依(yi)據(ju)便捷性原則(ze)，可采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)溝(gou)灌(guan)、噴灌(guan)、滴(di)灌(guan)等方(fang)式。地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位較淺區(qu)域建議采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)噴施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或滴(di)灌(guan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，防(fang)止對(dui)地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)造成影響。糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)農田(tian)(tian)(tian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時應(ying)(ying)避開雨季，宜早晚施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入裸露(lu)農田(tian)(tian)(tian)后應(ying)(ying)在24h內(nei)翻耕入土。還田(tian)(tian)(tian)限(xian)量(liang)：糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)不(bu)能(neng)超(chao)過作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)當年生長所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)養(yang)分(fen)(fen)量(liang)。糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)還田(tian)(tian)(tian)量(liang)根據(ju)土壤(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)力、作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)預期產(chan)量(liang)，結合(he)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)中的(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)元素的(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)、作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)當年或當季的(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率來計算(suan)基施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或追(zhui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)投加(jia)量(liang)。糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)替代化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不(bu)宜超(chao)過50%化學肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)，液(ye)(ye)態(tai)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)單(dan)次(ci)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)不(bu)宜超(chao)過田(tian)(tian)(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)量(liang)，.大(da)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)不(bu)得超(chao)過60t/畝（1畝^666.67m2）o糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)還田(tian)(tian)(tian)在保障作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)氮(dan)磷(lin)養(yang)分(fen)(fen)需要的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，還應(ying)(ying)兼顧對(dui)其他(ta)養(yang)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)特殊(shu)需求(qiu)(qiu)。應(ying)(ying)依(yi)據(ju)NY/T1118-2006測(ce)土配方(fang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)技術規(gui)范(fan)和(he)NY/T496-2010肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)合(he)理使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)準(zhun)則(ze)通則(ze)要求(qiu)(qiu)，滿足作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)平衡施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、優(you)質高(gao)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)。風險管控：液(ye)(ye)態(tai)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農田(tian)(tian)(tian)與各類功能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)表(biao)(biao)水(shui)(shui)體距離不(bu)得小于5m。農田(tian)(tian)(tian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)液(ye)(ye)態(tai)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)應(ying)(ying)防(fang)止地(di)表(biao)(biao)徑流，保證(zheng)其下(xia)游(you).近的(de)(de)(de)灌(guan)溉取水(shui)(shui)點的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)質符合(he)GB5084-1992農田(tian)(tian)(tian)灌(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)質標準(zhun)。長期使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)糞(fen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)土壤(rang)和(he)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)應(ying)(ying)每年進行采(cai)樣監測(ce)，評估是否(fou)存(cun)在重金屬(shu)積累風險以(yi)及養(yang)分(fen)(fen)失衡情況(kuang)，指導矯正施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。
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